Power line communications system and method

ABSTRACT

A power line communications system (PLCS) that provides communications to one or more user devices by repeating data packets on the power distribution network is provided. The PLCS may employ any or all of the MV power line conductors and/or the neutral conductor and be dynamically and remotely transitioned to one of a plurality of potential configurations.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention generally relates to data communications over apower distribution system and more particularly, to a system thatemploys repeating communications over power line conductors and a methodof using the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Well-established power distribution systems exist throughout most of theUnited States, and other countries, which provide power to customers viapower lines. With some modification, the infrastructure of the existingpower distribution systems can be used to provide data communication inaddition to power delivery, thereby forming a power line communicationsystem (PLCS). In other words, existing power lines that already havebeen run to many homes and offices, can be used to carry data signals toand from the homes and offices. These data signals are communicated onand off the power lines at various points in the power linecommunication system, such as, for example, near homes, offices,Internet service providers, and the like.

While the concept may sound simple, there are many challenges toovercome in order to use power lines for data communication. Overheadpower lines are not designed to provide high speed data communicationsand are very susceptible to interference. Additionally, federalregulations limit the amount of radiated energy of a power linecommunication system, which therefore limits the strength of the datasignal that can be injected onto power lines (especially overhead powerlines). Consequently, due to the attenuation of the communicationssignals caused by the power lines, communications signals typically willtravel only a relatively short distance on power lines. In addition, thedistance may vary from location to location.

Power system transformers are one obstacle to using power distributionlines for data communication. Transformers act as a low-pass filter,passing the low frequency (e.g., the 50 or 60 Hz) power signals andimpeding the high frequency signals (e.g., frequencies typically usedfor broadband data communication). As such, power line communicationsystems face the challenge of communicating the data signals around, orthrough, the distribution transformers.

In addition, power lines are susceptible to ingress noise, which mayvary from location to location. As a result, layout and network planningof a power line communications system may be difficult due to theunpredictability of the power line communications channels. In addition,one of the more expensive aspects of the power line communicationssystems is installing backhaul media, such as fiber optic cables orwireless networks, to provide a backhaul link between a portion of thePLCS and a conventional network connection (e.g., a point of presence orPOP). Thus, there is a need for a power line communications system andmethod that can reduce the need for backhaul media and extend thecommunication range of network elements, while reliably and economicallyservicing customers. These and other advantages may be provided byvarious embodiments of the present invention.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a PLCS that provides communications toone or more user devices by repeating data on the electrical powerdistribution network. The PLCS may employ any or all of the MV powerline conductors and/or the neutral conductor and be dynamically andremotely transitioned to one of a plurality of potential configurations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is further described in the detailed description thatfollows, by reference to the noted drawings by way of non-limitingillustrative embodiments of the invention, in which like referencenumerals represent similar parts throughout the drawings. As should beunderstood, however, the invention is not limited to the precisearrangements and instrumentalities shown. In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary power distribution system with whichthe present invention may be employed;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a portion of an example power line communicationssystem;

FIGS. 3 a-b are schematic representations of a portion of example powerline communications systems in accordance with example embodiments ofthe present invention;

FIGS. 4 a-b are schematic representations of a portion of example powerline communications systems in accordance with other example embodimentsof the present invention;

FIGS. 5 a-b are schematic representations of a portion of example powerline communications systems in accordance with further exampleembodiments of the present invention; and

FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of a portion of an example powerline communications system in accordance with another example embodimentof the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

In the following description, for purposes of explanation and notlimitation, specific details are set forth, such as particular networks,communication systems, computers, terminals, devices, components,techniques, data and network protocols, software products and systems,operating systems, electrical distribution power networks, developmentinterfaces, hardware, etc. in order to provide a thorough understandingof the present invention.

However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the presentinvention may be practiced in other embodiments that depart from thesespecific details. Detailed descriptions of well-known networks,communication systems, computers, terminals, devices, components,techniques, data and network protocols, software products and systems,couplers, bypass devices, backhaul devices, backhaul links, operatingsystems, development interfaces, and hardware are omitted so as not toobscure the description of the present invention.

System Architecture and General Design Concepts

As shown in FIG. 1, power distribution systems typically includecomponents for power generation, power transmission, and power delivery.A transmission substation typically is used to increase the voltage fromthe power generation source to high voltage (HV) levels for longdistance transmission on HV transmission lines to a substation. Typicalvoltages found on HV transmission lines range from 69 kilovolts (kV) toin excess of 800 kV.

In addition to HV transmission lines, power distribution systems includeMV power lines and LV power lines. As discussed, MV typically rangesfrom about 1000 V to about 100 kV and LV typically ranges from about 100V to about 240 V. Transformers are used to convert between therespective voltage portions, e.g., between the HV section and the MVsection and between the MV section and the LV section. Transformers havea primary side for connection to a first voltage (e.g., the MV section)and a secondary side for outputting another (usually lower) voltage(e.g., the LV section). Such transformers are often referred to asdistribution transformers or a step down transformers, because they“step down” the voltage to some lower voltage. Transformers, therefore,provide voltage conversion for the power distribution system. Thus,power is carried from substation transformer to a distributiontransformer over one or more MV power lines. Power is carried from thedistribution transformer to the customer premises via one or more LVpower lines.

In addition, a distribution transformer may function to distribute one,two, three, or more phase voltages to the customer premises, dependingupon the demands of the user. In the United States, for example, theselocal distribution transformers typically feed anywhere from one to tenhomes, depending upon the concentration of the customer premises in aparticular area. Distribution transformers may be pole-top transformerslocated on a utility pole, pad-mounted transformers located on theground, or transformers located under ground level.

The PLCS of the present invention may communicate signals to and fromcommunication devices at the customer premises through the LV powerline, wirelessly, or via other means. In addition, the PLCS maycommunicate enhanced power distribution service (EPDS) data such asautomated meter reading power usage data.

Power Line Communication System

One example of portion of such a PLCS is shown in FIG. 2 and includesone or more bypass devices 100. This example embodiment of the presentinvention may employ a bypass device (BD) 100 to communicate datasignals past the distribution transformer (e.g., either around orthrough the transformer). Thus, the BD 100 may act as the gatewaybetween the LV power line subnet (i.e., the devices that arecommunicatively coupled to the LV power lines) and the MV power line andcommunicates signals to and from user devices at the customer premises(CP) via the low voltage subnet 61.

In this embodiment, the BD 100 provides communication services for theuser, which may include security management, routing of InternetProtocol (IP) packets, filtering data, access control, service levelmonitoring, signal processing and modulation/demodulation of signalstransmitted over the power lines.

This example portion of a PLCS also includes a backhaul point 10. Thebackhaul point 10 is an interface and gateway between a portion of aPLCS (e.g., an MV run) and a traditional non-power linetelecommunications network. One or more backhaul points (BP) 10 arecommunicatively coupled to an aggregation point (AP) 20 that in manyembodiments may be at (e.g., co-located with), or connected to, thepoint of presence (POP) to the Internet. The BP 10 may be connected tothe AP 20 using any available mechanism, including fiber opticconductors, T-carrier, Synchronous Optical Network (SONET), or wirelesstechniques well known to those skilled in the art. Thus, the BP 10 mayinclude a transceiver suited for communicating through the communicationmedium.

The AP 20 may include a conventional Internet Protocol (IP) data packetrouter and may be directly connected to an Internet backbone therebyproviding access to the Internet. Alternatively, the AP 20 may beconnected to a core router (not shown), which provides access to theInternet, or other communication network. Depending on the configurationof the PLCS, a plurality of APs 20 may be connected to a single corerouter which provides Internet access. The core router (or AP 20 as thecase may be) may route voice traffic to and from a voice serviceprovider and route Internet traffic to and from an Internet serviceprovider and/or video provider. The routing of packets to theappropriate provider may be determined by any suitable means such as byincluding information in the data packets to determine whether a packetis voice. If the packet is voice, the packet may be routed to the voiceservice provider and, if not, the packet may be routed to the Internetservice provider. Similarly, the packet may include information (whichmay be a portion of the address) to determine whether a packet isInternet data. If the packet is Internet data, the packet may be routedto the Internet service provider and, if not, the packet may be routedto the voice service provider. Additionally, if the packet includesvoice, video or other time sensitive data, it may be accorded a higherpriority to thereby reduce the latency thereof.

In some PLCS embodiments, there may a distribution point (not shown)between the BP 10 and the AP 20. The distribution point, which include arouter, may be coupled to a plurality of BPs 10 and provides routingfunctions between its BPs 10 and its AP 20. In one example embodiment, aplurality of BPs 10 are connected to each distribution point and eachdistribution point (of which there are a plurality) is coupled to the AP20, which provides access to the Internet.

The PLCS also may include a power line server (PLS) that is a computersystem with memory for storing a database of information about the PLCSand includes a network element manager (NEM) that monitors and controlsthe PLCS. The PLS allows network operations personnel to provision usersand network equipment, manage customer data, and monitor system status,performance and usage. The PLS may reside at a remote network operationscenter (NOC), and/or at a PLCS Point of Presence (POP), to oversee agroup of communication devices via the Internet. The PLS may provide anInternet identity to the network devices by assigning the devices (e.g.,user devices, BDs 100, (e.g., the LV modems and MV modems of BDs), BPs10, and AP 20) IP addresses and storing the IP addresses and otherdevice identifying information (e.g., the device's location, address,serial number, etc.) in its memory. In addition, the PLS may approve ordeny user devices authorization requests, command status reports,statistics and measurements from the BDs, and BPs, and provideapplication software upgrades to the communication devices (e.g., BDs,BPs, and other devices). The PLS, by collecting electric powerdistribution information and interfacing with utilities' back-endcomputer systems may provide enhanced power distribution services suchas automated meter reading, outage detection, restoration detection,load balancing, distribution automation, Volt/Volt-Amp Reactance(Volt/VAr) management, and other similar functions. The PLS also may beconnected to one or more APs and/or core routers directly or through theInternet and therefore can communicate with any of the BDs, userdevices, and BPs through the respective AP and/or core router.

The PLCS may further include indoor low voltage repeaters and outdoorlow voltage repeaters (not shown). Indoor low voltage repeaters may beplugged into a wall socket inside the customer premises. Outdoor lowvoltage repeaters may be coupled to the external low voltage power lineconductors extending from the transformer and therefore, be locatedbetween the customer premises and the BD 100. Both the indoor lowvoltage repeaters and outdoor low voltage repeaters repeat data on thelow voltage power line to extend the communication range of the BD 100and power line modem(s) at the customer premises.

At the user end of the PLCS of this example system, data flow originatesfrom a user device, which provides the data to a power line modem (PLM)50, which is well-known in the art.

Various electrical circuits within the customer's premises distribute LVpower and data signals within the customer premises. The customer drawspower on demand by plugging a device into a power outlet. In a similarmanner, the customer may plug the PLM into a power outlet to digitallyconnect user devices to communicate data signals carried by the LVwiring. The PLM thus serves as an interface for user devices to accessthe PLCS. The PLM can have a variety of interfaces for customer dataappliances. For example, a PLM can include a RJ-11 Plain Old TelephoneService (POTS) connector, an RS-232 connector, a USB connector, aEthernet 10 Base-T connector, RJ-45 connector, and the like. In thismanner, a customer can connect a variety of user devices to the PLCS.Further, multiple PLMs can be plugged into power outlets throughout thecustomer premises, with each PLM communicating over the same wiringinternal of the customer premises to the BD 100.

The user device connected to the PLM may be any device capable ofsupplying data for transmission (or for receiving such data) including,but not limited to a computer, a telephone, a telephone answeringmachine, a fax, a digital cable box (e.g., for processing digital audioand video, which may then be supplied to a conventional television andfor transmitting requests for video programming), a video game, astereo, a videophone, a television (which may be a digital television),a video recording device (which may be a digital video recorder), a homenetwork device, a utility meter, or other device. The PLM transmits thedata received from the user device through the LV power lines to a BD100 and provides data received from the LV power line to the userdevice. The PLM may also be integrated with the user device, which maybe a computer. In addition, the functions of the PLM may be integratedinto a smart utility meter such as a gas meter, electric meter, watermeter, or other utility meter to thereby provide automated meter reading(AMR).

The BD 100 typically transmits the data to (and receives the data from)the backhaul point 10, which, in turn, transmits the data to (andreceives the data from) the AP 20. The AP 20 then transmits the data to(and receives the data from) the appropriate destination (perhaps via acore router), which may be a network destination (such as an Internetaddress) in which case the packets are transmitted to, and pass through,numerous routers (herein routers are meant to include both networkrouters and switches) in order to arrive at the desired destination.

If the BP 10 and a BD 100 are too far apart (along the MV power line),noise and attenuation of the communications signals transmitted over thepower line(s) may prevent reliable communications between the twodevices. Thus, the PLCS may have a maximum communications distance (MCD)(along the MV power line) over which a BP 10 and a BD 100 maycommunicate reliably. In addition, this distance may vary from locationto location (e.g., from street to street), which makes planning the PLCSnetwork difficult. If, after installation, a communication link betweena BD 100 and its BP 10 is unreliable, one option is to install a secondBP 10 closer to the BD 100 to service the BD 100. However, installationof BPs 10 can be costly due to costs of installation time, equipment,and the necessity of providing a backhaul link, which may requireinstalling a fiber optic cable or wireless backhaul link.

In addition to the above, due to noise and other factors thecommunications link between a BD 100 and its BP 10 may be reliable attimes and unreliable at other times and/or may become unreliablesometime after installation of the network. Again, one solution is toinstall a new BP 10 closer to the BD 100 for communications, to servicethe BD 100. However, as discussed above, this solution is costly.Another solution to the problem is to install a dedicated repeaterbetween the BP 10 and the BD 100. However, typically this requiressending personnel to perform the installation of the repeater (i.e., atruck roll), which can be costly and can take days or weeks to completeduring which time the subscriber of the PLCS service may be withoutreliable service or without any service.

The present invention may reduce the need to install additional BPs,backhaul links, and dedicated repeater devices by extending the reach ofexisting BPs beyond the MCD through the use of existing networkelements.

Examples of BDs 100, BPs 10 and other PLCS components are provided inU.S. patent applications provided in U.S. application Ser. No. ______,entitled “Power Line Repeater System and Method,” filed _(—), 200_,which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Example Embodiment

Overview

This example embodiment of the present invention may employ a BD 100that provides communications to one or more user devices (e.g., via theLV power lines, wirelessly, via a coaxial cable, via a fiber optic link,via a twisted pair, or other suitable manner) that also can beconfigured to repeat communications for other network elements over apower line conductor (MV conductor or neutral conductor). Each BD 100may be communicatively coupled to a BP 10 via an upstream link (whichmay also include other repeating network elements) and receive commandsthrough the upstream link. Thus, the PLS may transmit a command to theBD 100 to enable or disable repeating along with configurationinformation that allows the BD 100 to determine what data is to berepeated (e.g., the address information of the devices for which the BD100 is to repeat communications). A detailed description of adynamically and remotely configuration repeating BD 100 is provided inthe incorporated application.

In one example embodiment, the network elements devices may communicatewith each other via a daisy-chained communications scheme. FIG. 3 aillustrates a first example embodiment of the present invention. In thisembodiment, each BD 100 may receive data and transmit the data back onthe MV power line for reception by the adjacent BD 100. As will beevident to those skilled in the art, the BDs 100 of FIG. 3 a may becommunicatively coupled to one or more user devices at the customerpremises via a user communications link, For ease of illustration, theuser communications link and CP are shown in FIG. 3 a and subsequentfigures only for BD 100 d, which in this embodiment is a low voltagepower line link. In practice, many, if not all, of the BDs 100 a-d maybe communicatively coupled to one or more user devices by a usercommunications link, which may be one or more of a fiber optic link, awireless link, coaxial cable link, twisted pair link, LV power linelink, or other suitable link.

In this example embodiment, for downstream communications (i.e., towardthe subscriber) backhaul point 10 may transmit a first data packet in afirst signal over the MV power line. The first signal may traverse linkL1 and be received by BD 100 a. If the data packet is addressed to oneof the user devices (not shown) for which BD 100 a providescommunications via its user communications link, BD 100 a may transmitthe packet to the user device (e.g., via the low voltage power line,wirelessly, via a coax cable, via a fiber optic, via twisted pair, or inanother manner as the case may be). If the data packet is addressed tothe BD 100 a itself, BD 100 a may process the packet as a command orrequest from the PLS. If the data packet is addressed to one of the BDs100 for which BD 100 a provides communications (i.e., repeats), BD 100 amay demodulate, re-address, and retransmit the data onto the MV powerline in a second data packet embodied in a second signal. The dataincluded in the second data packet may include the same data payloadreceived in the first data packet, but may have a different destinationaddress (e.g., media access control (MAC) address) and source addressinserted by BD 100 a. BD 100 a, and the other devices described herein,may use a routing table (e.g., an Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)table) to determine (1) the addresses (e.g., MAC or IP addresses) ofdevices for which the BD 100 should repeat, (2) addresses for userdevices it services (e.g., MAC or IP addresses), and (3) the addresses(e.g., MAC address) that should be included as the destination addressfor each (e.g., user packet or BD 100 packet). In this example, the BD100 a may insert the MAC address of BD 100 b as the destination addressand transmit the second data packet onto the MV power line, which maytraverse links L1 and L2. Both the backhaul point 10 and BD 100 b mayreceive the second data packet transmitted from BD 100 a. However, afterdemodulation and processing of the signal, backhaul point 10 may ignorethe second data packet because, for example, the destination address ofthe second packet may not correspond to the address of backhaul point10, but instead correspond to the address of the BD 100 b. As will beevident to those skilled the art, those devices (e.g., BDs 100 and BP10) that receive packets without appropriate addressing typically willignore or discard the data packet. However, for ease of discussion, thedemodulation, address comparison, and ignoring or discarding of suchdata packets may not always be repeated throughout the discussionherein. BD 100 b may receive, demodulate, process, re-address (ifnecessary), modulate, and re-transmit the data (hereinafter collectivelyreferred to as “repeat the data”) on to the MV power line in a thirddata packet in a third signal that may traverse links L3 and L2.

Similarly, BD 100 a may ignore the third data packet and BD 100 c mayrepeat the data in a fourth data packet in a fourth signal for receptionby BD 100 d via link L4, which may further repeat the data in a fifthdata packet in a fifth signal for reception by another BD 100 (notshown). Additionally, and as discussed above, BDs 100 b-d also mayprocess the data as a command or transmit the data to a user device ifthe data packet is address appropriately.

The devices, such as BD 100 d, may need to transmit upstream data. Inthe embodiments described herein, upstream data may include datatransmitted to a BD 100 or backhaul point 10 from another BD 100 furtherdownstream. In addition, upstream data may include data received by theBD 100 or backhaul point 10 from one or more user devices (not shown inFIG. 3 a) (hereinafter “user data”), including, but not limited to, datatransmitted wirelessly, via the low voltage power lines, via a coaxialcable, via a fiber optic cable, via a coaxial cable, via a twisted pair,via surface wave, and/or via any other means or medium of transmission.Additionally, upstream data may include control data, which may be dataoriginating from a BD 100 or backhaul point 10 such as in response to arequest or command from the PLS, transmission of an alert ornotification, transmission of measurement data (e.g., low voltagemeasurement, medium voltage measurement, temperature, etc.) or otherdata.

Referring to FIG. 3 a, BD 100 d may transmit or repeat upstream data ina first upstream data packet via link L4 for reception by BD 100 c.Likewise, BD 100 c, 100 b, and 100 a, may repeat the upstream data vialinks L3, L2, and L1, respectively. Upon reception of properly addressupstream data, backhaul point 10 may repeat the data onto the backhaullink for eventual reception by AP 20. As will be evident to thoseskilled in the art, BD 100 c, BD 100 b, and BD 100 a also may originateand transmit upstream control data and user data, which may be repeatedby any upstream BDs 100 disposed between the originating BD 100 and BP10.

FIG. 3 b illustrates a second embodiment of the present invention. Inthis embodiment, some of the BDs 100 may repeat the data that theyreceive, while others do not. For example, for downstream communications(i.e., toward the subscriber) backhaul point 10 may receive data from AP20 via the backhaul link and transmit that data in a first data packetin a first signal over the MV power line. The first signal may traverselinks L1 and L2 and be received by BDs 100 a and 100 b, which mayreceive, demodulate the data packet. BD 100 a may process the packet asa command or transmit the data to a subscriber if the packet isappropriately addressed to BD 100 a. If the data packet is notappropriately addressed to BD 100 a, BD 100 a may ignore the packet.

BD 100 b may process the packet as a command, ignore the data, ortransmit the data to a subscriber if the packet is appropriatelyaddressed to BD 100 b. Additionally, if the destination address of thepacket matches a destination in the routing table, BD 100 b mayre-address and retransmit (i.e., repeat) the data onto the MV power linein a second data packet embodied in a second signal. The second signalmay traverse links L3 and L4 and be received by BDs 100 c and 100 d,which may receive and demodulate the data packet.

BD 100 c may process the packet as a command or transmit the data to asubscriber if the data packet is appropriately addressed to BD 100 c. Ifthe data packet is not appropriately addressed to BD 100 c, BD 100 c mayignore the data. BD 100 d also may process the data as a command,transmit the data to a subscriber if the packet is appropriatelyaddressed to BD 10 d, or ignore the data if not appropriately addressed.In addition, if the destination address of the data packet matches adestination address in its routing table, BD 100 d may re-address andretransmit (i.e., repeat) the data onto the MV power line in a thirddata packet embodied in a third signal, for reception of other BDs 100further downstream (not shown).

As discussed above, those BDs 100 and the backhaul point 10 that receivepackets that do not have the appropriate destination address may ignoreby the data packets.

For upstream communications, BD 100 d may transmit or repeat upstream ina first upstream data packet, which may be received by BDs 100 c and 100b. BD 100 c may ignore the data packet while BD 100 b may repeat thedata for reception by backhaul point 10. Upon reception of a properlyaddressed upstream data packet, backhaul point 10 may transmit the dataonto the backhaul link for eventual reception by AP 20.

While in the example embodiment of FIG. 3 b every other BD 100 repeatsdata, other systems may repeat the data at every third, fourth, fifth,sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, or other incremental BD 100.Likewise, in other systems, some portion(s) of the PLCS networkconnected to a BP 10 (BDs 100 on portions of an MV run) may repeat thedata at every other BD 10 and other portion(s) may repeat the data atthe third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth and/orother incremental BD 100. In other words, the distance between therepeating BDs 100 and the number of non-repeating BDs 100 betweenrepeating BDs 100 may not be consistent throughout the PLCS or over anMV run. Similarly, the distance between the repeating BDs 100 and thenumber of non-repeating BDs 100 between repeating BDs 100 may not beconstant and may be dynamically changed such as, for example, bycommands transmitted from the PLS over the power lines. For example, ifnetwork conditions permit, it may be desirable to reduce the number ofrepeats to a given network element (BD 100) so as to reduce the latencyof data and/or increase the available bandwidth for data communicatedwith that network element.

It has been discovered that a increase in humidity may reduce power linenoise in some areas, thereby permitting a reduction in the number ofrepeats for a device during certain times of the year such as in thesummer months. Also, certain types of data may follow a different datapath than others. For example, it may be desirable to repeat EPDS datafrom a given network element more than voice data from that networkelement because the EPDS data is not time sensitive while significantlatency of voice data may be undesirable. Thus, the BDs 100 may havedifferent routing table or rules for different types of data.Additionally, for data being repeated more, the power levels of thetransmitter may be dynamically reduced (in comparison to data berepeated less) because the data may need to go a comparatively shorterdistance. The power reduction may allow the data to be communicated ashorter distance thereby by allowing more reuse of the MV power line asa communications channel. For example, referring to FIG. 3 a, BP 10 maybe transmitting a first data packet in a first signal onto the MV powerline while BD 100 c is simultaneously, or prior to the completereception of the first data packet, transmitting another data packet ina second signal (i.e., the signals can be transmitted during overlappingtime periods). Provided the power levels of the transmitters areappropriately set or controlled (e.g., set sufficiently low so that thesignal may travel only to the adjacent transformer), neither signal willinterfere with the other because no BD 100 (in this example) ispositioned to receive both signals. Thus, through strategic placement ofdevices and selection of power levels, the MV power line channel (andneutral conductor) may be used to communicate multiple signals in thesame frequency band simultaneously and/or in overlapping time periods.

Likewise, while in the example embodiment of FIG. 3 b the same BD 100repeats data packets for both upstream and for downstreamcommunications, other embodiments may include some BDs 100 that repeatonly downstream data and others that repeat only upstream data, (whichmay use different frequency bands). In addition, the upstream data anddownstream data may be communicated via different communicationsschemes. For example, downstream data may be communicated via theembodiment of FIG. 3 b, and the upstream data may be communicated viathe embodiment shown in FIG. 3 a (e.g., every device repeats).

FIG. 4 a illustrates a third embodiment of the present invention. Inthis embodiment, BD 100 c may repeat data for both an “upstream” BD 100b (i.e., is located between BD 100 c and the BP 10) and a downstream BD100 d (i.e., is not located between BD 100 c and the BP 10). Forexample, for downstream communications (i.e., toward the subscriber)backhaul point 10 may receive data via the backhaul link and transmitthat data in a first data packet in a first signal over the MV powerline. The first signal may traverse link L1, L2, and L5 and be receivedby BDs 100 a, 100 b, and 100 c, which may receive, demodulate the datapacket. BD 100 a may process the packet as a command or transmit thedata to a subscriber if the packet is appropriately addressed to BD 100a. If the data packet is not appropriately addressed to BD100 a, BD100 amay ignore the packet.

Similarly, BD 100 b may process the packet but typically will ignore thepacket because backhaul point 10 typically will not transmit (address)data packets for reception by BD100 b.

BD100 c may process the packet as a command or transmit the data to asubscriber if the packet is appropriately addressed to BD 100 b. Inaddition, if the destination address of the packet matches a destinationin the routing table, BD 100 b may re-address and retransmit (i.e.,repeat) the data onto the MV power line in a second data packet embodiedin a second signal. The second signal may traverse links L3 and L4 andbe received by BDs 100 b and 100 d, which may receive and demodulate thedata packet.

BDs 100 b and 100 d may process the packet as a command or transmit thedata to a subscriber if the data packet is appropriately addressed. Ifthe data packet is not appropriately addressed, BDs 100 b and/or 100 dmay ignore the packet. In addition, if the destination address of thedata packet matches a destination address in its routing table, BD 100 dmay re-address and retransmit (i.e., repeat) the data onto the MV powerline in a third data packet embodied in a third signal, for reception ofother BDs 100 further downstream (not shown).

This example embodiment may be useful in the event of localized noise inwhich BD 100 c has better reception capabilities from backhaul point 10than does BD 10 b. In other words, due to noise or other circumstances,communications received by BD 100 b from BD 100 c may be received morereliably than those from backhaul point 10. BD 100 c may be located at aless noisy, or quiet spot, which thereby permitting reliablecommunications with backhaul point 10 whereas the noise at BD 100 b doesnot.

For upstream communications, BD 100 d may transmit or repeat upstreamdata in a first upstream data packet, which may be received by BDs 100 cand 100 b. BD 100 b may ignore the data packet while BD 100 c may repeatthe data for upstream reception by backhaul point 10. Similarly, BD 100b may transmit upstream data in a first upstream data packet, which maybe received by BDs 100 a, 100 c and 100 d. BD 100 d and BD 100 a mayignore the data packet while BD 100 c may repeat the data for upstreamreception by backhaul point 10. Alternately, BD 100 b may transmit thedata directly to BP 10 via Link L5 because, for example, localized noisetypically does not hinder transmissions. In addition, in an alternateembodiment, any of the BDs 100 of FIG. 3 a or 3 b, or in other figureherein, may also alternately transmit directly to the BP 10, but mightreceive data via repeating BD 100.

Upon reception of a properly addressed upstream data packet, backhaulpoint 10 may transmit the data onto the backhaul link for eventualreception by AP 20.

FIG. 4 b illustrates a fourth example embodiment of the presentinvention. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the data flowillustrated by FIG. 4 b is substantially similar to that of FIG. 4 a. Asshown in FIG. 4 b, however, BDs 100 a, 100 b, and 100 d are notphysically coupled to the medium voltage power line. In this embodiment,BDs 100 a, 10 b, and 100 d may be communicatively coupled to the neutralconductor that extends down the utility pole from the distributiontransformer and, preferably, above the horizontal neutral conductor thattypically extends from pole to pole. An inductive coupler comprising amagnetically permeable toroid, with one or more windings, that clampsaround the conductor may be used.

A “link budget” is a phrase sometimes used to indicate the amount ofpower necessary to provide a reliable communications link and is oftenmeasured in dBs. Various objects along the communications channel mayuse up a portion of the link budget such as, for example, the MV powerline (e.g., which may dissipate 0.5-3 dB per one hundred feet), and theMV coupler of the receiving device.

It has been discovered that while the distribution transformersattenuate the data signals, they may not completely block the datasignals from traveling through the distribution transformer from the MVpower line to the neutral conductor connected to the transformerenclosure. Consequently, if the power of the data signal is ofsufficient magnitude upon reaching the distribution transformer, thesignals may travel from the MV power line through the distributiontransformer (e.g., coupling from the primary to the secondary of thetransformer and/or coupling to the transformer enclosure and neutralconductor via parasitic capacitances) and down the low voltage and/orneutral conductors connected to the distribution transformer withsufficient remaining energy to be received by the BD 100. In otherwords, in some instances, the distribution transformer simply may beconsidered another object that consumes the link budget. Thus, BDs 100a, 100 b, and 100 d may be communicatively coupled to the neutralconductor that extends down the utility pole and receive the datasignals from the MV power line in such a manner. It will be noted thatwhile BDs 100 a, 100 b, and 100 d may not physically couple “around” thedistribution transformer, for purposes of this specification they arereferred to as bypass devices because they facilitate the data passingthe distribution transformer to the customer premises.

However, if a signal is sufficiently attenuated prior to reaching thedistribution transformer, the transformer may further attenuate thesignal to the noise floor (i.e., using up the remaining link budge) inwhich case the BD 100 may not reliably receive the signals on theneutral or LV conductors. Consequently, the system of FIG. 4 b has beendesigned so that BDs 100 a, 100 b, and 100 d are all located at atransformer that is adjacent to a transformer co-located with a BD 100 cor BP 10 that is coupled to the MV power line via a MV coupler. Thus,the close proximity of the BD 100 d and BD 100 b to BD 100 c, and theclose proximity of BD 100 a to backhaul point 10 result in lessattenuation of the data signals via their transmission over the MV powerline (for both upstream and downstream communications). Because there isless attenuation of the data signals via the MV power line over thesecommunication channels, there is a greater link budget (power or SNR)remaining than what might be available should the signals have traversedlonger MV links. In this embodiment, the close proximity, and associatedlower MV power line attenuation, allow for enough remaining link budgetfor the data signals to travel through the distribution transformers(for both upstream and downstream communications). Alternately, any orall of the BDs 100 may be coupled to one or both LV energized conductorsinstead of, or in addition to, the neutral conductor for communicatingvia the MV power line. Thus, such BDs 100 might communicate in a firstfrequency band over the MV power line and a second frequency band overthe LV power lines to the one or more user devices. In addition, it maybe desirable to transmit data signals at a first (e.g., higher) powerlevel when transmitting via a MV coupler onto the MV power line and totransmit data signals at a second (lower) power level when transmittingvia the LV power line or neutral conductor to the MV power line.

The ability to connect to the neutral conductor (or alternately to theenergized LV conductor(s)) eliminates the need for an MV coupler at eachBD 100, which may significantly reduce the cost of the equipment andinstallation of the system. In an alternate embodiment, every BD 100, orevery BD 100 and the BP 100, may be coupled to the LV conductor(s) orneutral conductor extending vertically down from the distributiontransformer and the data paths may be substantially similar to oridentical to the data paths shown in FIG. 3 a.

FIG. 5 a illustrates another example embodiment of the presentinvention. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the data flowillustrated by FIG. 5 a is substantially similar to that of FIG. 3 b. Asshown in FIG. 5 a, however, BDs 100 a and 100 c are not coupled to theMV power line and, therefore, do not include medium voltage couplers. Inthis embodiment, BDs 100 a and 100 d may be communicatively coupled tothe neutral conductor that extends down the utility pole from thedistribution transformer and preferably above the horizontal neutralconductor that typically extends from pole to pole. Alternately, eitheror both of BDs 100 a and 100 d may be communicatively coupled to one orboth LV energized conductors instead of, or in addition to, beingcoupled to the neutral conductor.

FIG. 5 b illustrates still another example embodiment of the presentinvention. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the data flowillustrated by FIG. 5 b is similar to that of FIG. 3 b except that thedata is communicated over the neutral conductor instead of the MV powerline. In this embodiment, the backhaul point 10 and the BDs 100 may becommunicatively coupled to the horizontal neutral conductor thattypically extends from pole to pole. Thus, this system may alleviate theneed to employ medium voltage couplers altogether and instead employ aneutral coupler (if necessary) at each network element.

FIG. 6 illustrates a another example embodiment of the presentinvention. As will be evident to those skilled in the art, the data flowillustrated by FIG. 6 is similar to that of FIG. 3 a except that thedata is communicated over the neutral conductor instead of the MV powerline. In this embodiment, the backhaul point 10 and the BDs 100 may becommunicatively coupled to the horizontal neutral conductor thattypically extends from pole to pole. Thus, this system also mayalleviate the need to employ medium voltage couplers altogether andinstead employ a neutral coupler (if necessary) at each network element.

As shown in FIG. 5 a-b and 6, the neutral conductor may be connected toground at the utility poles. As will be evident to those skilled in theart, the grounded neutral conductor at the utility pole may attenuate(or ground) the data signals. Consequently, in some instances, it may bedesirable to install a data impedance 501 on the neutral conductor thatextends from the horizontal neutral conductor to ground. The dataimpedance may be a low pass filter formed of ferrite toroids thatimpedes (or reduces) the amount of the energy of the data signals thatis conducted to ground thereby permitting more of the data signal energyto remain on the horizontal neutral conductor to be detected by the BDs100 and backhaul point 10.

As discussed, the BP 10 and BDs 100 of the disclosed embodiments may beremotely configurable via commands communicated over the PLCS (e.g., viathe MV power line and/or neutral conductor) from the PLS. Consequently,the present invention may dynamically change between topologies ofvarious embodiments. For example, in response to one or more commandsfrom the PLS, the devices configured to communicate via the embodimentFIG. 3 a may be remotely reconfigured to communicate via the embodimentof FIG. 3 b and vice versa. Similarly, the devices configured tocommunicate via the embodiment FIG. 5 b may be remotely reconfigured tocommunicate via the embodiment of FIG. 6 and vice versa.

The figures herein depict only a single MV power line. However,electrical distribution systems often have two or three MV power lineconductors running in parallel. It has been discovered that highfrequency data signals may cross-couple between MV power lineconductors. Thus, in some instances, a data signal transmitted on afirst MV power line conductor may be received on a second MV power lineconductor. Thus, in practice, any of the embodiments disclosed hereinmay employ one, two, or three power line MV conductors and/or one ormore neutral conductors. For example, some of the BDs 100 communicatingwith a first BP 10 may be coupled to a first MV conductor, others may becoupled to a second MV conductor, and others and/or the BP 10 may becoupled to a third MV conductor. Thus, for example, data may betransmitted from a BD 100 coupled to a first MV conductor, received andrepeated by a BD 100 coupled to a second MV conductor, received andrepeated by a BD 100 coupled to a third MV conductor, received andrepeated by a BD 100 coupled to a neutral conductor, and subsequentlyreceived by a BD 100 or BP 10 coupled to the first MV conductor. Inaddition or alternately, each set of BDs 100 coupled to each MVconductor or neutral may employ a different embodiment. For example, BDs100 coupled to a first MV conductor may employ the embodiment and dataflow depicted in FIG. 3 b, BDs 100 coupled to a second MV conductor(which may or may not run parallel to the first conductor) may employthe embodiment and data flow depicted in FIG. 4 b, and BDs 100 coupledto a neutral conductor may employ the embodiment and data flow depictedin FIG. 6.

Any suitable type of data signal may communicated via each embodiment orover each link. For example, for conductive signals any suitable signalmodulation used in communications (Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiplex(FDM), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM), and the like),and IEEE 802.11(a, b, or g) signal set, and/or IEEE 802.16 (e.g., WIMAXwhich may be OFDM) signal set may be used. OFDM (including WIMAX) may beused for any or all of communications via the LV power lines, MV powerlines, and/or neutral conductor. Use of a WIMAX signal, HomePlug orother signal described herein may require frequency shifting the signalto the desired frequency band. A modulation scheme producing a widebandsignal such as CDMA or OFDM that is relatively flat in the spectraldomain may be used to reduce radiated interference to other systemswhile still delivering high data communication rates.

Furthermore, each link in the embodiments (e.g., L1, L2, L3, and L4) maybe orthogonal to any or all of the other links. For example, referringto FIG. 3 a, Link L1 may use a first frequency band, Link L2 may use asecond frequency band, Link L3 may use a third frequency band, whereinall of the frequency bands may different so as not to interfere witheach other. Link L4 also might use the first frequency band because, asdiscussed above, the devices using the first frequency may besufficiently far apart so that the signals attenuate between thosesections thereby allowing for reuse of the frequency band andsimultaneous communications in that frequency at different sections ofthe MV power line or neutral conductor. As another example of orthogonallinks, referring to FIG. 3 a, Link L1 may use an OFDM signal, Link L2may use a surface wave signal, Link L3 may use a UWB signal so that allof the signals do not interfere with each other. Alternately, any or allof the links may include multiple signals. For example, any of the linksmay include a first signal type, such as a conventional frequency bandconductive signal (e.g., an OFDM signal), and also may include one ormore other signal types orthogonal to the first signal type, such as UWBand/or surface wave signals.

In addition, instead of using OFDM signals on the MV power lines, LVpower lines, or neutral conductors, an alternate embodiment of a PLCSsystem may use ultra wideband signals or surface wave signals (Goubauwaves) to provide communications. In those embodiments in which includeBDs 100 or a BP 10 coupled to the MV conductor, it may be desirable tocouple the device to the connecting conductor that connects the MV powerline conductor to the distribution transformer via, for example, aninductive coupler. By coupling the device to the connectingconductor—instead of series connecting the couplers to the MV power lineconductor—the system may have less through loss to due the couplerinstallations. Finally, while the embodiments described herein includecoupling and transmitting on the MV power line conductors and/or neutralconductor, in practice energy from the transmission may couple to otherconductors or may traverse a return path that includes other conductors.For example, signals transmitted on a first power line conductor maycross couple to other power line conductors and/or the neutralconductor. Similarly, signals transmitted on a first power lineconductor may travel a return path that includes another power lineconductor and/or the neutral conductor. In some instances, it may bedesirable to transmit (and receive) the signals on two MV or LVconductors differentially. Thus, for a differential MV transmission(i.e., differential on two MV conductors or one MV conductor and theneutral) of data signals (e.g., of a conductive signals such as a UWB,WIMAX, HomePlug, or other OFDM signal), the transmitting device mayinclude two couplers to transmit substantially equal, but opposite inpolarity, signals onto the two MV overhead conductors. The receivingdevice may include one or two couplers. Similarly, the LV transmissionsmay be transmitted differentially onto two energized conductors and maybe a UWB signal, an OFDM signal, a WIMAX signal, or other signal.Finally, the backhaul link may be any suitable medium including adigital subscriber line (DSL), a coaxial cable (e.g., DOCSIS), and/or aWIMAX or other wireless link.

It is to be understood that the foregoing illustrative embodiments havebeen provided merely for the purpose of explanation and are in no way tobe construed as limiting of the invention. Words used herein are wordsof description and illustration, rather than words of limitation. Inaddition, the advantages and objectives described herein may not berealized by each and every embodiment practicing the present invention.Further, although the invention has been described herein with referenceto particular structure, materials and/or embodiments, the invention isnot intended to be limited to the particulars disclosed herein. Rather,the invention extends to all functionally equivalent structures, methodsand uses, such as are within the scope of the appended claims. Thoseskilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of thisspecification, may affect numerous modifications thereto and changes maybe made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

1. A power line communications system for communicating data over one ormore overhead power line conductors to one or more user devices,comprising: a backhaul device communicatively coupled to the one or morepower lines conductors and to a backhaul link; a plurality ofcommunications device, wherein each of said plurality of communicationsdevices is communicatively coupled to the one or more power lineconductors and to at least one user device; and wherein a firstcommunications device is in direct communication with said backhauldevice through the one or more power line conductors and is configuredto transmit data received from said backhaul device onto the one or morepower line conductors to a second communications device and a thirdcommunications device.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein said thirdcommunications device is communicatively coupled to the one or morepower line conductors between said backhaul device and said firstcommunications device.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein said firstcommunications device is communicatively coupled to the one or morepower line conductors between said backhaul device and said secondcommunications device and said third communications device.
 4. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein said backhaul device is communicativelycoupled to a first medium voltage power line conductor of the one ormore power line conductors.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein saidsecond communications device is communicatively coupled to a secondmedium voltage power line conductor of the one or more power lineconductors.
 6. The system of claim 4, wherein said first communicationsdevice is communicatively coupled to a second medium voltage power lineconductor of the one or more power line conductors.
 7. The system ofclaim 4, wherein said second communications device is communicativelycoupled to a neutral conductor of the one or more power line conductors.8. The system of claim 1, wherein said second communications device iscommunicatively coupled the one or more power line conductors by beingcoupled to a neutral conductor electrically connected to a distributiontransformer that is connected to the one or more power line conductors.9. The system of claim 1, wherein said second communications device isin communication with said backhaul device through the one or more powerline conductors via said first communications devices; and wherein saidthird communications device is in communication with said backhauldevice through the one or more power line conductors via said firstcommunications devices.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein said secondcommunications device is communicatively coupled the one or more powerline conductors by being coupled to a low voltage power line conductorelectrically connected to a distribution transformer that is connectedto the one or more power line conductors.
 11. The system of claim 1,wherein said backhaul device, said first communications device, secondcommunications device, and said third communications device are eachcoupled to the neutral conductor of the one or more power lineconductors
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein communicationstransmitted from said first communications device, said secondcommunications device, and said third communications device to saidbackhaul device traverse the neutral conductor at least in part.
 13. Thesystem of claim 1, wherein said first communications device is incommunication with said backhaul device via a first link; said secondcommunications device is in communications with first communicationsdevice via a second link; and wherein said first link and said secondlink are orthogonal to each other.
 14. The system of claim 1, whereinsaid second communications device is capable of being remotelyconfigured via a command communicated through the one or more power lineconductors to repeat data for said third communications device.
 15. Thesystem of claim 1, where at least one of said plurality ofcommunications device are coupled to a medium voltage power lineconductor of the one or more power line conductors and at least one ofsaid plurality of communications device are coupled to a neutralconductor of the one or more power line conductors.
 16. A method ofproviding communicating data over one or more overhead power lineconductors to one or more user devices, comprising: receiving first datain a first data packet via the one or more power line conductors from afirst communications device; determining whether said first data is tobe repeated, transmitting said first data onto the one or more powerline conductors if said first data is to be repeated; receiving a seconddata via the one or more power line conductors from a secondcommunications device; determining whether said second data is to berepeated, transmitting said second data onto the one or more power lineconductors if said first data is to be repeated; receiving a third datavia the one or more power line conductors from a backhaul devicecommunicatively coupled to a backhaul link; determining whether saidthird is to be repeated, transmitting said third data onto the one ormore power line conductors if said first data is to be repeated;determining whether said third data is to be transmitted to a userdevice; transmitting said third data to a user device if said third datais to be transmitted to a user device.
 17. The method of claim 16,further comprising determining whether said third data is to beprocessed as a command; processing said third data as a command if saidthird data is to be processed as a command.
 18. The method of claim 16,wherein said transmitting of the first data, the second data, and thethird data onto the one or more power line conductors comprisestransmitting the first data, the second data, and the third data ontothe neutral conductor of the one or more power line conductors.
 19. Themethod of claim 16, wherein said transmitting of the first data employstransmitting the first data in a first frequency band and transmittingof the second data includes transmitting of the second data in a secondfrequency band.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein said transmitting ofthe first data, the second data, and the third data onto the one or morepower line conductors further comprises transmitting the first data, thesecond data, and the third data via a conductive signal.
 21. The methodof claim 20, further comprising transmitting data via ultra wide bandsignals.
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein at least one of saidconductive signals comprises an orthogonal frequency divisionmultiplexed signal.
 23. The method of claim 16, wherein saidtransmitting of the first data, the second data, and the third data ontothe one or more power line conductors comprises transmitting the firstdata, the second data, and the third data via surface wave signals. 24.The method of claim 16, wherein said transmitting of the first data, thesecond data, and the third data onto the one or more power lineconductors comprises transmitting the first data, the second data, andthe third data via a WIMAX signal set.
 25. A method of providing powerline communications to communicate data over one or more overhead powerline conductors to one or more user devices, comprising: communicativelycoupling a backhaul device to the one or more power line conductors andto a backhaul link; communicatively coupling a plurality communicationsdevice to the one or more power line conductors and at least one userdevice, wherein each of the plurality of communications device is incommunication with said backhaul device; transmitting a first datapacket over the one or more power line conductors from a first of theplurality of communications devices and wherein the first data packet isin a first signal having one or more carriers in a first frequency band;transmitting a second data packet over the one or more power lineconductors from a second of the plurality of communications devices andwherein said second data packet is in a second signal having one or morecarriers at one or more of the same frequencies as said first signal;and wherein the first signal and the second signal are transmittedduring overlapping time periods and do not interfere with the receptionof each other at the devices to which the first and second data packetsare addressed.
 26. The method of claim 25, wherein the backhaul deviceis coupled to a first power line conductor and the first of theplurality of communications device is coupled to a second power lineconductor.
 27. The method of claim 25, wherein the first and secondcommunications devices are coupled to the neutral conductor of the oneor more power line conductors.
 28. The method of claim 25, wherein thefirst data packet is addressed to a third communications device thatrepeats the data of the first data packet onto the one or more powerline conductors.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein the second datapacket is addressed to the backhaul device.
 30. The method of claim 28,wherein the second data packet is addressed to a fourth communicationsdevice that repeats the data of the second data packet onto the one ormore power line conductors.
 31. The method of claim 25, wherein thefirst of the plurality of communications devices and the second of theplurality of communications devices are coupled to the same power lineconductor.
 32. The method of claim 25, wherein the first of theplurality of communications devices and the second of the plurality ofcommunications devices are coupled to different power line conductors.33. A power line communications system for communicating data to one ormore user devices over an electrical power distribution network havingone or more overhead medium voltage power line conductors, a neutralconductor, and at least one distribution transformer coupled one of themedium voltage power line conductors, comprising: a backhaul devicecommunicatively coupled to one of the one or more medium power lineconductors and to a backhaul link; a first communications device coupledto the neutral conductor and in communication with at least one userdevice; and wherein said first communications device is in communicationwith said backhaul device via the neutral conductor and the mediumvoltage power line.
 34. The system of claim 33, wherein the neutralconductor includes a horizontal neutral and a neutral connectingconductor connecting the distribution transformer to the horizontalneutral conductor and wherein said first communications device iscoupled to said neutral connecting conductor.
 35. The system of claim33, wherein the electrical power distribution network includes a groundconductor connecting the horizontal neutral conductor to ground, thesystem further comprising: a data impedance coupled to the groundconductor.
 36. The system of claim 33, further comprising: a secondcommunications device coupled to the neutral conductor and incommunication with at least one user device; and wherein said secondcommunications device is in communication with said backhaul device viathe neutral conductor and the medium voltage power line.